Psychological Changes
Menopause causes many psychological changes in women. Anxiety, irritability and depression are some of the common psychological changes occurring in women, in menopause. Know the main cause of depression in women in menopause.
What are the psychological changes associated with menopause
Anxiety, irritability and depression commonly arise during the climacteric (around menopause time) and are usually the group of symptoms which are worse in the pre-menopause period i.e. a few years before periods cease.
Why does depression occur
Falling estrogen levels may reduce dopamine receptor sensitivity or reduce available tryptophan for serotonin synthesis, leading to reduced activity of central nervous system transmitters and consequent depression. Other causes of depression may also occur at the time of menopause. These include loss of reproductive potential, a perceived loss of femininity, marital disenchantment, the 'empty nest' syndrome and career disappointments.
Cardiovascular Diseases
Estrogen has a protective effect on cardiovascular disease in women, but during menopause this estrogen levels decreases thus making women susceptible to cardiovascular diseases. After menopause, women are more prone to heart diseases. Know more about this.
Does menopause increase the risk of heart diseases
Before menopause, heart diseases are uncommon in women who do not smoke, do not have hypertension, hyperlipidaemia (excessive saturated fats in their blood) or diabetes. It is five times more common in men than in pre-menopausal women but once menopause has occurred, the risk of heart disease in women approaches that in men, suggesting a role for the menopausing in this changed risk.
The etiology of heart disease is complex and incompletely understood. However, several studies on the effect of premature menopause on the incidence of heart diseases suggest that earlier the cessation of ovarian function occurs greater the risk of cardiovascular diseases. A role for estrogen deficiency in the etiology of this disease is strongly suggestive.
How does menopause increase the risk of heart diseases
High plasma levels of High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations protect the heart (cardio-protective), whilst those of Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations increase the risk of heart disease. Before menopause, serum LDL levels are lower and HDL levels are higher. But after menopause, LDL levels increase significantly, and thereby increase the risk of heart diseases.
Do women run a greater risk of heart diseases than men
No. Before menopause, serum LDL levels are lower in women than in men, and serum HDL levels are higher. Following menopause, LDL levels in women rise but do not exceed the levels in age-matched men.
What is the role of the estrogen in preventing heart diseases
Estrogen in pre-menopausal women has a protective effect on cardiovascular disease, probably mediated through it's effect on the HDL:LDL ratio. But estrogen may work in other ways such as by a direct effect on blood vessels or by stimulating direct effect on blood flow in organs such as the skin, uterus, vulva and kidneys.
Changes in the Skeletal System (Osteoporosis)
There are many changes in the skeleton of women after menopause. Women have increased risk of osteoporosis. This is due to de-mineralisation of bone.
Is there a risk of osteoporosis because of menopause
Yes. Approximately 50% of bone loss occurs in the first 5 to 7 years of menopause Thus, the risk of osteoporosis increases tremendously at menopause.
How does menopause affect the skeletal system (bones)
De-mineralisation of bone is potentially the most serious long-term consequence of human menopause. Peak bone mass is reached in the third decade of life. Thereafter there is a progressive reduction in bone mass, with an accelerated loss following menopause. The precise mechanism of bone loss is uncertain. There is an increase in bone turnover, which disrupts the remodeling process, with bone resorption exceeding formation.
Menopause causes many psychological changes in women. Anxiety, irritability and depression are some of the common psychological changes occurring in women, in menopause. Know the main cause of depression in women in menopause.What are the psychological changes associated with menopause
Anxiety, irritability and depression commonly arise during the climacteric (around menopause time) and are usually the group of symptoms which are worse in the pre-menopause period i.e. a few years before periods cease.
Why does depression occur
Falling estrogen levels may reduce dopamine receptor sensitivity or reduce available tryptophan for serotonin synthesis, leading to reduced activity of central nervous system transmitters and consequent depression. Other causes of depression may also occur at the time of menopause. These include loss of reproductive potential, a perceived loss of femininity, marital disenchantment, the 'empty nest' syndrome and career disappointments.
Cardiovascular Diseases
Estrogen has a protective effect on cardiovascular disease in women, but during menopause this estrogen levels decreases thus making women susceptible to cardiovascular diseases. After menopause, women are more prone to heart diseases. Know more about this.
Does menopause increase the risk of heart diseases
Before menopause, heart diseases are uncommon in women who do not smoke, do not have hypertension, hyperlipidaemia (excessive saturated fats in their blood) or diabetes. It is five times more common in men than in pre-menopausal women but once menopause has occurred, the risk of heart disease in women approaches that in men, suggesting a role for the menopausing in this changed risk.
The etiology of heart disease is complex and incompletely understood. However, several studies on the effect of premature menopause on the incidence of heart diseases suggest that earlier the cessation of ovarian function occurs greater the risk of cardiovascular diseases. A role for estrogen deficiency in the etiology of this disease is strongly suggestive.
How does menopause increase the risk of heart diseases
High plasma levels of High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations protect the heart (cardio-protective), whilst those of Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations increase the risk of heart disease. Before menopause, serum LDL levels are lower and HDL levels are higher. But after menopause, LDL levels increase significantly, and thereby increase the risk of heart diseases.
Do women run a greater risk of heart diseases than men
No. Before menopause, serum LDL levels are lower in women than in men, and serum HDL levels are higher. Following menopause, LDL levels in women rise but do not exceed the levels in age-matched men.
What is the role of the estrogen in preventing heart diseases
Estrogen in pre-menopausal women has a protective effect on cardiovascular disease, probably mediated through it's effect on the HDL:LDL ratio. But estrogen may work in other ways such as by a direct effect on blood vessels or by stimulating direct effect on blood flow in organs such as the skin, uterus, vulva and kidneys.
Changes in the Skeletal System (Osteoporosis)
There are many changes in the skeleton of women after menopause. Women have increased risk of osteoporosis. This is due to de-mineralisation of bone.
Is there a risk of osteoporosis because of menopause
Yes. Approximately 50% of bone loss occurs in the first 5 to 7 years of menopause Thus, the risk of osteoporosis increases tremendously at menopause.
How does menopause affect the skeletal system (bones)
De-mineralisation of bone is potentially the most serious long-term consequence of human menopause. Peak bone mass is reached in the third decade of life. Thereafter there is a progressive reduction in bone mass, with an accelerated loss following menopause. The precise mechanism of bone loss is uncertain. There is an increase in bone turnover, which disrupts the remodeling process, with bone resorption exceeding formation.
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